Rare Blood Types and Diversity
Finding compatible blood for patients with rare blood types is like finding a needle in a haystack. Blood diversity all comes down to genetics and antigens.
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Genetics and Antigens
Antigens play a significant role in blood donation, particularly with the compatibility and matching of blood types between donors and patients. Compatibility between the donor's blood and the patient’s blood is crucial to avoid adverse reactions when the transfused blood interacts with the patient’s immune system. Mismatched blood transfusions can trigger a severe immune response that can be harmful or even fatal.
There are more than 600 known antigens besides A and B. Certain blood types are unique to specific racial and ethnic groups. The only way to find specially matched blood for these patients is to increase the diversity of the donor population.
| Ethnic Group | Rare Blood Type |
|---|---|
| African-American | U-, Fy (a-b-) |
| Native American, Alaskan Native | RzRz |
| Pacific Island, Asian | Jk (a-b-) |
| Hispanic | Di (b-) |
| East European/Russian Jews | Dr (a-) |
| Caucasian | Kp (b-), Vel- |
Zainab’s Story
Zainab has some of the rarest blood in the world. She is missing a common antigen called “Indian B” (Inb). Because she is missing the antigen, she can only receive blood from people who are also missing the same antigen.
Only five compatible donors for Zainab were found—two from the United States, two from the United Kingdom, and one from Australia.
Rare Blood Facts
Blood cannot be manufactured outside the body and has a limited shelf life. The supply must constantly be replenished by generous blood donors.
Making an Impact
There are many patients who have extraordinarily rare blood needs. These individuals often require blood transfusions that are perfectly matched to their unique antigen pattern. Read their stories and see how you can make an impact by donating blood.